Regular physical exams for chickens are important to their health and longevity because they are masterful at hiding pain, discomfort and weakness. Chickens offer subtle clues when they are under the weather and by regularly spending time with our flocks, we can pick up on signs that they are not feeling well. Common indications of a sick chicken include: hiding, inactivity, pale comb or wattles, unusual droppings, unusual posture, lethargy, lack of appetite and reduced egg production- all signals that closer observation is needed and this article covers what to look for from head to toe.  A healthy bird is alert and active, eating and drinking throughout the day with periods of dust bathing, reclining and resting mid-afternoon. A healthy bird should not sit in the same spot for hours at a time or fail to move when approached.

OVERALL BEHAVIOR & GENERAL APPEARANCE

Any change from normal behavior and appearance should be investigated further. A healthy bird is alert and active, eating and drinking throughout the day with periods of dust bathing, reclining and resting mid-afternoon. A healthy bird should not sit in the same spot for hours at a time or fail to move when approached. They should not limp, have labored breathing, avoid food, drink excessively, lose weight or hide. A sudden drop in egg production should be looked into as egg production is one of the first functions to cease in a sick chicken.

Most chickens don't care to be handled, so it is easiest to examine a chickens after dark when they're roosting. I use use a headlamp and bring a partner in crime whenever possible.

WHEN TO EXAMINE A CHICKEN?

Most chickens don’t care to be handled, so it is easiest to examine a chickens after dark when they’re roosting. I use use a headlamp and bring a partner in crime whenever possible. Bath time is another excellent opportunity to get a closer look; after the initial surprise of being placed into water, most chickens love baths, but they should only be bathed when necessary for reasons discussed here.

 loosely wrapping a bird in a towel, covering its head and eyes while ensuring ample breathing room keeps a bird immobilized, safe and calm.

If neither of those opportunities is convenient, loosely wrapping a bird in a towel, covering its head and eyes while ensuring ample breathing room keeps a bird immobilized, safe and calm.

Often the first sign of a health problem will be unusual droppings. Learn to recognize which droppings are normal and which are abnormal.

POOP

Often the first sign of a health problem will be unusual droppings. Learn to recognize which droppings are normal and which are abnormal. Installing a droppings board underneath the roost provides an opportunity each morning to observe abnormalities unobscured by shavings or other bedding material.

An adult chicken should maintain a consistent weight. Weight loss may indicate things like worms, coccidiosis, malnutrition and bullying. Weight gain indicates over-feeding, usually by way of treats, snacks and kitchen scraps. Obesity related complications leading to death is a problem of epidemic proportions in backyard pet chickens. An adult chicken should maintain a consistent weight. Weight loss may indicate things like worms, coccidiosis, malnutrition and bullying. Weight gain indicates over-feeding, usually by way of treats, snacks and kitchen scraps. Obesity related complications leading to death is a problem of epidemic proportions in backyard pet chickens.

WEIGHT

An adult chicken should maintain a consistent weight. Weight loss may indicate things like illness, worms, coccidiosis, malnutrition and bullying. Weight gain indicates over-feeding, usually by way of treats, snacks and kitchen scraps. Obesity related complications leading to death is a problem of epidemic proportions in backyard pet chickens. This is an affiliate link to the scale I use (shown below).

An adult chicken should maintain a consistent weight. Weight loss may indicate things like worms, coccidiosis, malnutrition and bullying. Weight gain indicates over-feeding, usually by way of treats, snacks and kitchen scraps. Obesity related complications leading to death is a problem of epidemic proportions in backyard pet chickens.

COMB & WATTLES

The comb and wattles should be red and correct for the breed. If a chicken’s normal comb is usually upright, it shouldn’t be flopped over, if it’s usually full or plump looking, it shouldn’t be shriveled.

The comb and wattles should be red and correct for the breed. If a chicken's normal comb is usually upright, it shouldn't be flopped over, if it's usually full or plump looking, it shouldn't be shriveled.

The comb and wattles should not be pale, purple, ashy, have lesions or scabs, which could indicate things like fowl pox, frostbite, pecking injuries from other chickens or favus. It can be normal for a broody hen, a molting chicken and a pullet that has not yet begun laying eggs to have a pale comb as shown in the Araucana with the pea comb in the photo above.

A chicken's eyes should be clear, bright, round and moist. The pupils should be round and equal in size. The iris (colored portion of the eye) should not be grey. They eyes should not be dry, sunken, swollen, cloudy, watery or crusty; there should be no bubbles or other discharge. Chickens possess a third eyelid, which is normal and generally ruins an otherewise decent photo.

EYES

A chicken’s eyes should be clear, bright, round and moist. The pupils should be round and equal in size. The pupils should react to light (constrict and return to normal). The iris (colored portion of the eye) should not be grey. They eyes should not be dry, sunken, swollen, cloudy, watery or crusty; there should be no bubbles or other discharge. Chickens possess a third eyelid, which is normal and generally ruins an otherwise decent photo.

A chicken's eyes should be clear, bright, round and moist. The pupils should be round and equal in size. The iris (colored portion of the eye) should not be grey. They eyes should not be dry, sunken, swollen, cloudy, watery or crusty; there should be no bubbles or other discharge. Chickens possess a third eyelid, which is normal and generally ruins an otherwise decent photo.

NARES

A chicken’s nostrils are called nares. The nares should be clean and free from discharge or crustiness.

A chicken's nostrils are called nares. The nares should be clean and free from discharge or crustiness.

BEAK

A normal beak is smooth, free from cracks and closed most of the time. An open beak can indicate stress or over-heating. The upper mandible (top half of the beak) is slightly longer than the lower and should be aligned directly above it. Any sudden change in alignment is abnormal. Chips, breaks or overgrown beaks should be honed by filing. Scissor beak, also known as crossed beak, is a common deformity that does not occur suddenly.

A normal beak is smooth, free from cracks and closed most of the time. An open beak can indicate stress or over-heating. The upper mandible (top half of the beak) is slightly longer than the lower and should be aligned directly above it. Any sudden change in alignment is abnormal. Chips, breaks or overgrown beaks should be honed by filing. Scissor beak, also known as crossed beak, is a common deformity that does not occur suddenly.

MOUTH

There should be no foaming or discharge from the mouth. Any noisy, squeaky or labored breathing is abnormal. The inside of the mouth should be free from lumps, lesions and discoloration. Wet fowl pox and mold toxicity are common causes of cheesy-looking lesions inside the mouth. There should be no bad odor coming from the mouth, which could indicate sour crop.

Chickens with fowl pox will often exhibit a drop in egg production, lack of appetite and/or weight loss in addition to the telltale lesions on the skin (dry fowl pox) or lesions inside the mouth and throat (wet fowl pox).

The roof of the chicken mouth/upper beak is split- that divide is called the choanal slit, which is normal. The choanal slit should be clear and unobstructed
The roof of the chicken mouth/upper beak is split- that divide is called the choanal slit, which is normal. The choanal slit should be clear and unobstructed. The roof of the chicken mouth/upper beak is split- that divide is called the choanal slit, which is normal. The choanal slit should be clear and unobstructed.

FEATHERS

A chicken’s feathers should be shiny & lay flat against the body. They should not be bloody. Unless the birds are approaching a molt, feathers should not be broken, ruffled, frayed or tattered, which could indicate behavioral problems in the flock, stress, parasites, a nutrition deficit (most often protein)or rodent problems. Know what molting looks like and the age and season to expect it as well as what pin feathers look like. Frizzle feathered breeds are an exception to the flat feather rule.

A chicken's feathers should be shiny & lay flat against the body. They should not be broken, ruffled, bloody, frayed or tattered, which could indicate behavioral problems in the flock, stress, parasites, a nutrition deficit or rodent problems. A chicken's feathers should be shiny & lay flat against the body. They should not be broken, ruffled, bloody, frayed or tattered, which could indicate behavioral problems in the flock, stress, parasites, a nutrition deficit or rodent problems. Know what molting looks like and the age and season to expect it as well as what pin feathers look like. Frizzle feathered breeds are an exception to the flat feather rule. Poultry lice and nits on feathers and skin of a hen.

SKIN

Skin injuries and other abnormalities can be well hidden by feathers. Part feathers all over the chicken’s body to inspect the skin, which should be free from mites, lice, lacerations, lumps, injuries from roosters’ nails during mating, fly larvae/maggots, etc.

Skin injuries and other abnormalities can be well hidden by feathers. Part feathers all over the chicken's body to inspect the skin, which should be free from mites, lice, lacerations, lumps, injuries from roosters' nails during mating, fly larvae/maggots, etc.

BREAST & KEEL

The breast should be firm and free from blisters. The keel is the bone in between the breast muscles that runs down the middle of the chicken. It should not be bony or protrude, which could indicate weight loss, it should not be difficult to feel or padded with fat, which would suggest obesity. The keel bone should be straight with no curving which could indicate a calcium and phosphate imbalance or a Vitamin D deficiency (commonly caused by too many treats the diet).

The breast should be firm and free from blisters. The keel is the bone in between the breast muscles that runs down the middle of the chicken. It should not be bony or protrude, which could indicate weight loss, it should not be difficult to feel or padded with fat, which would suggest obesity.

CROP

After a chicken has eaten, the crop feels swollen and slightly firm, but shrinks as food is digested. The crop should be empty first thing in the morning after a night of inactivity. A chicken’s crop should not remain hard, squishy or fluid-filled. Much more about the crop HERE.

 After a chicken has eaten, the crop feels swollen and slightly firm, but shrinks as food is digested. The crop should be empty first thing in the morning after a night of inactivity. A chicken's crop should not remain hard, squishy or fluid-filled.

WINGS

The bones of a chicken’s wings should be free from cuts, swelling or injuries. The armpit area underneath the wing (wingpit?) should be free from mites and lice.

The bones of a chicken's wings should be free from cuts, swelling or injuries. The armpit area underneath the wing (wingpit?) should be free from mites and lice.

ABDOMEN

The abdomen should be firm, but not hard, swollen or squishy like a water balloon. An abnormal abdomen finding could mean egg yolk peritonitis, egg binding, salpingitis, ascites, heart failure or a number of other serious issues requiring a veterinarian.

The abdomen should be firm, but not hard, swollen or squishy like a water balloon. An abnormal abdomen finding could mean egg yolk peritonitis, egg binding, salpingitis, heart failure or a number of other serious issues requiring a veterinarian.

PREEN GLAND, OIL GLAND, UROPYGIAL GLAND

The preen gland should be free from lumps or appear blocked. The skin surrounding the preen gland should be parasite-free.

The preen gland should be free from lumps or appear blocked. The skin surrounding the preen gland should be parasite-free. The vent should be clean and moist, not wet; there should be no discharge or accumulations on the area surrounding the vent. The shape will look like a vending machine coin slot if a hen is in lay, it will look more like a circle if she is not in lay. The vent should not protrude, be bloody or dry.

VENT

The vent should be clean and moist, not wet; there should be no discharge or accumulations on the area surrounding the vent. The shape will look like a vending machine coin slot if a hen is in lay, it will look more like a circle if she is not in lay. The vent should not protrude, be bloody or dry.

The vent should be clean and moist, not wet; there should be no discharge or accumulations on the area surrounding the vent. The shape will look like a vending machine coin slot if a hen is in lay, it will look more like a circle if she is not in lay. The vent should not protrude, be bloody or dry. Scales on a chicken's legs and feet should be smooth and lie flat- they should not be raised, flaky or crusty-looking, which could indicate scaly leg mites. Feet and legs should be free from swelling, lesions, scabs that could signal a bumblefoot infection.

LEGS, FEET & TOES

Scales on a chicken’s legs and feet should be smooth and lie flat- they should not be raised, flaky or crusty-looking, which could indicate scaly leg mites. Feet and legs should be free from swelling, lesions, scabs (see bumblefoot infection). Feathered shanks should be checked for broken pin feathers or lacerations. Nails should be reasonable length and trimmed or filed if overgrown.

Scales on a chicken's legs and feet should be smooth and lie flat- they should not be raised, flaky or crusty-looking, which could indicate scaly leg mites. Feet and legs should be free from swelling, lesions, scabs that could signal a bumblefoot infection.  Chicken Resources Directory at The Chicken Chick®

Once you have some idea about what could possibly be going on with your chicken, visit my Chicken Resources Directory for common chicken ailments and at-home treatments when a veterinarian visit is not an option.

HEALTHY CHICKEN BASICS: KEEP IT SIMPLE!

Chickens must be fed properly to be healthy, to produce eggs optimally and for longevity. Chickens at different stages of development require different feed formulations.

 Chickens must be fed properly to be healthy, to produce eggs optimally and for longevity. Chickens at different stages of development require different feed formulations.

Do not believe that you must add supplements of any kind to your flock’s feed to keep them healthy! Reputable feed manufacturers employ poultry nutritionists to calculate your chickens’ precise daily needs for a healthy, long, productive life. Tinkering with those calculations by adding supplements, including “natural” ingredients, is unnecessary and can negatively impact their health.

Treats/snacks replace a portion of the essential dietary elements found in chicken feed. Excessive amounts of treats can cause a wide array of health problems. Ideally, no more than 5% of a flock’s daily dietary intake should consist of treats.

Provide clean, fresh water to chickens at all times. Again, this sounds like common sense, but most backyard chickens drink from waterers harboring fecal matter, bacteria and other organisms that can make them sick. The solution to dirty water is employing poultry nipple waterers.

Provide clean, fresh water to chickens at all times. Again, this sounds like common sense, but most backyard chickens drink from waterers harboring fecal matter, bacteria and other organisms that can make them sick. The solution to dirty water is employing poultry nipple waterers.

4. CLEAN, DRY COOP
A wet environment created by accumulated droppings or spilled water, provides a breeding ground for disease, pests and parasites. Clean coops are less likely to house external pests and parasites such as flies, mites and poultry lice. For five ways to keep a cleaner coop with less effort, click here.

Three ways to ensure the driest environment possible are:

  • by employing a droppings board and removing droppings from it daily
  • by using sand as coop litter/bedding and as ground cover in the run
  • by keeping waterfowl and chickens in different yards (Less moisture results in fewer opportunities for organisms to grow that can make chickens sick.)

Three ways to ensure the driest environment possible are: by employing a droppings board and removing droppings from it daily by using sand as coop litter/bedding and as ground cover in the run by keeping waterfowl and chickens in different yards (Less moisture results in fewer opportunities for organisms to grow that can make chickens sick.) Practicing good biosecurity limits the risk of bird flu spreading.

Avoid bringing birds other than day old chicks into your flock from other farms, breeders or hatcheries. If you absolutely must bring new birds into your flock, always quarantine them properly first. Proper quarantine procedures can be read HERE. Don’t attract wild birds to the area with bird feeders or bird baths. Control rodent and fly populations in the chicken yard. Avoid visiting other chicken yards, farms, chicken swaps, auctions or other places live birds are. Change your clothes, wear clean shoes & wash hands when returning home from high risk areas. Much more on practicing good biosecurity HERE.

A dust bath is the chicken equivalent of a daily shower. Chickens dig shallow spots in dirt, sand, or even flower pots to work into their skin and feathers to aid in skin and feather maintenance and parasite control.

6. PROVIDE DUST BATHING AREAS
A dust bath is the chicken equivalent of a daily shower. Chickens dig shallow spots in dirt, sand, or even flower pots to work into their skin and feathers to aid in skin and feather maintenance and parasite control.

Stress taxes a healthy chicken's immune system. Limit stress by following the Healthy Chicken Basics, above, and by providing ample space for each chicken, helping chickens combat high heat, avoiding frequent changes in the coop or flock and protecting against predators.

7. REDUCE STRESS
Stress taxes a healthy chicken’s immune system. Limit stress by following the Healthy Chicken Basics, above, and by providing ample space for each chicken, helping chickens combat high heat, avoiding frequent changes in the coop or flock and protecting against predators.

Keep a well-stocked first aid kit handy to treat common problems.

Keep a well-stocked first aid kit handy to treat common problems.

Tips for caring for an injured chicken can be found HERE.

Tips for caring for an injured chicken can be found HERE.

Find basic guidelines to follow when caring for a sick chicken without a vet HERE.

RESOURCES Tap into any/all of the state, local and national professional resources listed here as needed.

Find basic guidelines to follow when caring for a sick chicken without a vet HERE.
RESOURCES Tap into any/all of the state, local and national professional resources listed here as needed.

Sources & further reading:

1 http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/pumpkin.html
2 http://www.motherearthnews.com/eggs.aspx#ixzz2AcKccLNq
3 http://shagbarkbantams.com/de.htm
http://www.poultryhelp.com/toxicplants.html
http://www.exoticpetvet.net/avian/onions.html
http://www.avocado.com/site/fun-facts/avo-info/avocado-toxicity-in-animals-and-pets
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/213200.htm (salty foods are acceptable in moderation, occasionally as long as there is plenty of fresh water available, but never salt alone)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211102.htm
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=15+1912&aid=2236
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7255913

Kathy Shea Mormino

Affectionately known internationally as The Chicken Chick®, Kathy Shea Mormino shares a fun-loving, informative style to raising backyard chickens. …Read on

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Regular physical exams for chickens are important to their health and longevity because they are masterful at hiding pain, discomfort and weakness. Chickens offer subtle clues when they are under the weather and by regularly spending time with our flocks, we can pick up on signs that they are not feeling well. Common indications of a sick chicken include: hiding, inactivity, pale comb or wattles, unusual droppings, unusual posture, lethargy, lack of appetite and reduced egg production- all signals that closer observation is needed and this article covers what to look for from head to toe.  A healthy bird is alert and active, eating and drinking throughout the day with periods of dust bathing, reclining and resting mid-afternoon. A healthy bird should not sit in the same spot for hours at a time or fail to move when approached.

OVERALL BEHAVIOR & GENERAL APPEARANCE

Any change from normal behavior and appearance should be investigated further. A healthy bird is alert and active, eating and drinking throughout the day with periods of dust bathing, reclining and resting mid-afternoon. A healthy bird should not sit in the same spot for hours at a time or fail to move when approached. They should not limp, have labored breathing, avoid food, drink excessively, lose weight or hide. A sudden drop in egg production should be looked into as egg production is one of the first functions to cease in a sick chicken.

Most chickens don't care to be handled, so it is easiest to examine a chickens after dark when they're roosting. I use use a headlamp and bring a partner in crime whenever possible.

WHEN TO EXAMINE A CHICKEN?

Most chickens don’t care to be handled, so it is easiest to examine a chickens after dark when they’re roosting. I use use a headlamp and bring a partner in crime whenever possible. Bath time is another excellent opportunity to get a closer look; after the initial surprise of being placed into water, most chickens love baths, but they should only be bathed when necessary for reasons discussed here.

 loosely wrapping a bird in a towel, covering its head and eyes while ensuring ample breathing room keeps a bird immobilized, safe and calm.

If neither of those opportunities is convenient, loosely wrapping a bird in a towel, covering its head and eyes while ensuring ample breathing room keeps a bird immobilized, safe and calm.

Often the first sign of a health problem will be unusual droppings. Learn to recognize which droppings are normal and which are abnormal.

POOP

Often the first sign of a health problem will be unusual droppings. Learn to recognize which droppings are normal and which are abnormal. Installing a droppings board underneath the roost provides an opportunity each morning to observe abnormalities unobscured by shavings or other bedding material.

An adult chicken should maintain a consistent weight. Weight loss may indicate things like worms, coccidiosis, malnutrition and bullying. Weight gain indicates over-feeding, usually by way of treats, snacks and kitchen scraps. Obesity related complications leading to death is a problem of epidemic proportions in backyard pet chickens. An adult chicken should maintain a consistent weight. Weight loss may indicate things like worms, coccidiosis, malnutrition and bullying. Weight gain indicates over-feeding, usually by way of treats, snacks and kitchen scraps. Obesity related complications leading to death is a problem of epidemic proportions in backyard pet chickens.

WEIGHT

An adult chicken should maintain a consistent weight. Weight loss may indicate things like illness, worms, coccidiosis, malnutrition and bullying. Weight gain indicates over-feeding, usually by way of treats, snacks and kitchen scraps. Obesity related complications leading to death is a problem of epidemic proportions in backyard pet chickens. This is an affiliate link to the scale I use (shown below).

An adult chicken should maintain a consistent weight. Weight loss may indicate things like worms, coccidiosis, malnutrition and bullying. Weight gain indicates over-feeding, usually by way of treats, snacks and kitchen scraps. Obesity related complications leading to death is a problem of epidemic proportions in backyard pet chickens.

COMB & WATTLES

The comb and wattles should be red and correct for the breed. If a chicken’s normal comb is usually upright, it shouldn’t be flopped over, if it’s usually full or plump looking, it shouldn’t be shriveled.

The comb and wattles should be red and correct for the breed. If a chicken's normal comb is usually upright, it shouldn't be flopped over, if it's usually full or plump looking, it shouldn't be shriveled.

The comb and wattles should not be pale, purple, ashy, have lesions or scabs, which could indicate things like fowl pox, frostbite, pecking injuries from other chickens or favus. It can be normal for a broody hen, a molting chicken and a pullet that has not yet begun laying eggs to have a pale comb as shown in the Araucana with the pea comb in the photo above.

A chicken's eyes should be clear, bright, round and moist. The pupils should be round and equal in size. The iris (colored portion of the eye) should not be grey. They eyes should not be dry, sunken, swollen, cloudy, watery or crusty; there should be no bubbles or other discharge. Chickens possess a third eyelid, which is normal and generally ruins an otherewise decent photo.

EYES

A chicken’s eyes should be clear, bright, round and moist. The pupils should be round and equal in size. The pupils should react to light (constrict and return to normal). The iris (colored portion of the eye) should not be grey. They eyes should not be dry, sunken, swollen, cloudy, watery or crusty; there should be no bubbles or other discharge. Chickens possess a third eyelid, which is normal and generally ruins an otherwise decent photo.

A chicken's eyes should be clear, bright, round and moist. The pupils should be round and equal in size. The iris (colored portion of the eye) should not be grey. They eyes should not be dry, sunken, swollen, cloudy, watery or crusty; there should be no bubbles or other discharge. Chickens possess a third eyelid, which is normal and generally ruins an otherwise decent photo.

NARES

A chicken’s nostrils are called nares. The nares should be clean and free from discharge or crustiness.

A chicken's nostrils are called nares. The nares should be clean and free from discharge or crustiness.

BEAK

A normal beak is smooth, free from cracks and closed most of the time. An open beak can indicate stress or over-heating. The upper mandible (top half of the beak) is slightly longer than the lower and should be aligned directly above it. Any sudden change in alignment is abnormal. Chips, breaks or overgrown beaks should be honed by filing. Scissor beak, also known as crossed beak, is a common deformity that does not occur suddenly.

A normal beak is smooth, free from cracks and closed most of the time. An open beak can indicate stress or over-heating. The upper mandible (top half of the beak) is slightly longer than the lower and should be aligned directly above it. Any sudden change in alignment is abnormal. Chips, breaks or overgrown beaks should be honed by filing. Scissor beak, also known as crossed beak, is a common deformity that does not occur suddenly.

MOUTH

There should be no foaming or discharge from the mouth. Any noisy, squeaky or labored breathing is abnormal. The inside of the mouth should be free from lumps, lesions and discoloration. Wet fowl pox and mold toxicity are common causes of cheesy-looking lesions inside the mouth. There should be no bad odor coming from the mouth, which could indicate sour crop.

Chickens with fowl pox will often exhibit a drop in egg production, lack of appetite and/or weight loss in addition to the telltale lesions on the skin (dry fowl pox) or lesions inside the mouth and throat (wet fowl pox).

The roof of the chicken mouth/upper beak is split- that divide is called the choanal slit, which is normal. The choanal slit should be clear and unobstructed
The roof of the chicken mouth/upper beak is split- that divide is called the choanal slit, which is normal. The choanal slit should be clear and unobstructed. The roof of the chicken mouth/upper beak is split- that divide is called the choanal slit, which is normal. The choanal slit should be clear and unobstructed.

FEATHERS

A chicken’s feathers should be shiny & lay flat against the body. They should not be bloody. Unless the birds are approaching a molt, feathers should not be broken, ruffled, frayed or tattered, which could indicate behavioral problems in the flock, stress, parasites, a nutrition deficit (most often protein)or rodent problems. Know what molting looks like and the age and season to expect it as well as what pin feathers look like. Frizzle feathered breeds are an exception to the flat feather rule.

A chicken's feathers should be shiny & lay flat against the body. They should not be broken, ruffled, bloody, frayed or tattered, which could indicate behavioral problems in the flock, stress, parasites, a nutrition deficit or rodent problems. A chicken's feathers should be shiny & lay flat against the body. They should not be broken, ruffled, bloody, frayed or tattered, which could indicate behavioral problems in the flock, stress, parasites, a nutrition deficit or rodent problems. Know what molting looks like and the age and season to expect it as well as what pin feathers look like. Frizzle feathered breeds are an exception to the flat feather rule. Poultry lice and nits on feathers and skin of a hen.

SKIN

Skin injuries and other abnormalities can be well hidden by feathers. Part feathers all over the chicken’s body to inspect the skin, which should be free from mites, lice, lacerations, lumps, injuries from roosters’ nails during mating, fly larvae/maggots, etc.

Skin injuries and other abnormalities can be well hidden by feathers. Part feathers all over the chicken's body to inspect the skin, which should be free from mites, lice, lacerations, lumps, injuries from roosters' nails during mating, fly larvae/maggots, etc.

BREAST & KEEL

The breast should be firm and free from blisters. The keel is the bone in between the breast muscles that runs down the middle of the chicken. It should not be bony or protrude, which could indicate weight loss, it should not be difficult to feel or padded with fat, which would suggest obesity. The keel bone should be straight with no curving which could indicate a calcium and phosphate imbalance or a Vitamin D deficiency (commonly caused by too many treats the diet).

The breast should be firm and free from blisters. The keel is the bone in between the breast muscles that runs down the middle of the chicken. It should not be bony or protrude, which could indicate weight loss, it should not be difficult to feel or padded with fat, which would suggest obesity.

CROP

After a chicken has eaten, the crop feels swollen and slightly firm, but shrinks as food is digested. The crop should be empty first thing in the morning after a night of inactivity. A chicken’s crop should not remain hard, squishy or fluid-filled. Much more about the crop HERE.

 After a chicken has eaten, the crop feels swollen and slightly firm, but shrinks as food is digested. The crop should be empty first thing in the morning after a night of inactivity. A chicken's crop should not remain hard, squishy or fluid-filled.

WINGS

The bones of a chicken’s wings should be free from cuts, swelling or injuries. The armpit area underneath the wing (wingpit?) should be free from mites and lice.

The bones of a chicken's wings should be free from cuts, swelling or injuries. The armpit area underneath the wing (wingpit?) should be free from mites and lice.

ABDOMEN

The abdomen should be firm, but not hard, swollen or squishy like a water balloon. An abnormal abdomen finding could mean egg yolk peritonitis, egg binding, salpingitis, ascites, heart failure or a number of other serious issues requiring a veterinarian.

The abdomen should be firm, but not hard, swollen or squishy like a water balloon. An abnormal abdomen finding could mean egg yolk peritonitis, egg binding, salpingitis, heart failure or a number of other serious issues requiring a veterinarian.

PREEN GLAND, OIL GLAND, UROPYGIAL GLAND

The preen gland should be free from lumps or appear blocked. The skin surrounding the preen gland should be parasite-free.

The preen gland should be free from lumps or appear blocked. The skin surrounding the preen gland should be parasite-free. The vent should be clean and moist, not wet; there should be no discharge or accumulations on the area surrounding the vent. The shape will look like a vending machine coin slot if a hen is in lay, it will look more like a circle if she is not in lay. The vent should not protrude, be bloody or dry.

VENT

The vent should be clean and moist, not wet; there should be no discharge or accumulations on the area surrounding the vent. The shape will look like a vending machine coin slot if a hen is in lay, it will look more like a circle if she is not in lay. The vent should not protrude, be bloody or dry.

The vent should be clean and moist, not wet; there should be no discharge or accumulations on the area surrounding the vent. The shape will look like a vending machine coin slot if a hen is in lay, it will look more like a circle if she is not in lay. The vent should not protrude, be bloody or dry. Scales on a chicken's legs and feet should be smooth and lie flat- they should not be raised, flaky or crusty-looking, which could indicate scaly leg mites. Feet and legs should be free from swelling, lesions, scabs that could signal a bumblefoot infection.

LEGS, FEET & TOES

Scales on a chicken’s legs and feet should be smooth and lie flat- they should not be raised, flaky or crusty-looking, which could indicate scaly leg mites. Feet and legs should be free from swelling, lesions, scabs (see bumblefoot infection). Feathered shanks should be checked for broken pin feathers or lacerations. Nails should be reasonable length and trimmed or filed if overgrown.

Scales on a chicken's legs and feet should be smooth and lie flat- they should not be raised, flaky or crusty-looking, which could indicate scaly leg mites. Feet and legs should be free from swelling, lesions, scabs that could signal a bumblefoot infection.  Chicken Resources Directory at The Chicken Chick®

Once you have some idea about what could possibly be going on with your chicken, visit my Chicken Resources Directory for common chicken ailments and at-home treatments when a veterinarian visit is not an option.

HEALTHY CHICKEN BASICS: KEEP IT SIMPLE!

Chickens must be fed properly to be healthy, to produce eggs optimally and for longevity. Chickens at different stages of development require different feed formulations.

 Chickens must be fed properly to be healthy, to produce eggs optimally and for longevity. Chickens at different stages of development require different feed formulations.

Do not believe that you must add supplements of any kind to your flock’s feed to keep them healthy! Reputable feed manufacturers employ poultry nutritionists to calculate your chickens’ precise daily needs for a healthy, long, productive life. Tinkering with those calculations by adding supplements, including “natural” ingredients, is unnecessary and can negatively impact their health.

Treats/snacks replace a portion of the essential dietary elements found in chicken feed. Excessive amounts of treats can cause a wide array of health problems. Ideally, no more than 5% of a flock’s daily dietary intake should consist of treats.

Provide clean, fresh water to chickens at all times. Again, this sounds like common sense, but most backyard chickens drink from waterers harboring fecal matter, bacteria and other organisms that can make them sick. The solution to dirty water is employing poultry nipple waterers.

Provide clean, fresh water to chickens at all times. Again, this sounds like common sense, but most backyard chickens drink from waterers harboring fecal matter, bacteria and other organisms that can make them sick. The solution to dirty water is employing poultry nipple waterers.

4. CLEAN, DRY COOP
A wet environment created by accumulated droppings or spilled water, provides a breeding ground for disease, pests and parasites. Clean coops are less likely to house external pests and parasites such as flies, mites and poultry lice. For five ways to keep a cleaner coop with less effort, click here.

Three ways to ensure the driest environment possible are:

  • by employing a droppings board and removing droppings from it daily
  • by using sand as coop litter/bedding and as ground cover in the run
  • by keeping waterfowl and chickens in different yards (Less moisture results in fewer opportunities for organisms to grow that can make chickens sick.)

Three ways to ensure the driest environment possible are: by employing a droppings board and removing droppings from it daily by using sand as coop litter/bedding and as ground cover in the run by keeping waterfowl and chickens in different yards (Less moisture results in fewer opportunities for organisms to grow that can make chickens sick.) Practicing good biosecurity limits the risk of bird flu spreading.

Avoid bringing birds other than day old chicks into your flock from other farms, breeders or hatcheries. If you absolutely must bring new birds into your flock, always quarantine them properly first. Proper quarantine procedures can be read HERE. Don’t attract wild birds to the area with bird feeders or bird baths. Control rodent and fly populations in the chicken yard. Avoid visiting other chicken yards, farms, chicken swaps, auctions or other places live birds are. Change your clothes, wear clean shoes & wash hands when returning home from high risk areas. Much more on practicing good biosecurity HERE.

A dust bath is the chicken equivalent of a daily shower. Chickens dig shallow spots in dirt, sand, or even flower pots to work into their skin and feathers to aid in skin and feather maintenance and parasite control.

6. PROVIDE DUST BATHING AREAS
A dust bath is the chicken equivalent of a daily shower. Chickens dig shallow spots in dirt, sand, or even flower pots to work into their skin and feathers to aid in skin and feather maintenance and parasite control.

Stress taxes a healthy chicken's immune system. Limit stress by following the Healthy Chicken Basics, above, and by providing ample space for each chicken, helping chickens combat high heat, avoiding frequent changes in the coop or flock and protecting against predators.

7. REDUCE STRESS
Stress taxes a healthy chicken’s immune system. Limit stress by following the Healthy Chicken Basics, above, and by providing ample space for each chicken, helping chickens combat high heat, avoiding frequent changes in the coop or flock and protecting against predators.

Keep a well-stocked first aid kit handy to treat common problems.

Keep a well-stocked first aid kit handy to treat common problems.

Tips for caring for an injured chicken can be found HERE.

Tips for caring for an injured chicken can be found HERE.

Find basic guidelines to follow when caring for a sick chicken without a vet HERE.

RESOURCES Tap into any/all of the state, local and national professional resources listed here as needed.

Find basic guidelines to follow when caring for a sick chicken without a vet HERE.
RESOURCES Tap into any/all of the state, local and national professional resources listed here as needed.

Sources & further reading:

1 http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/pumpkin.html
2 http://www.motherearthnews.com/eggs.aspx#ixzz2AcKccLNq
3 http://shagbarkbantams.com/de.htm
http://www.poultryhelp.com/toxicplants.html
http://www.exoticpetvet.net/avian/onions.html
http://www.avocado.com/site/fun-facts/avo-info/avocado-toxicity-in-animals-and-pets
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/213200.htm (salty foods are acceptable in moderation, occasionally as long as there is plenty of fresh water available, but never salt alone)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211102.htm
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=15+1912&aid=2236
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7255913

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Melissa
Melissa
2024 years ago

Very useful, thanks!

Sue D
Sue D
2024 years ago

Very informative and great photos.

Jj Baker
Jj Baker
2024 years ago

Great identification pictures. The arrows are especially helpful. I actually did not know that the abdomen was there!

Susannah Mount
Susannah Mount
2024 years ago

Awesome info… Definitely need to make a first aid kit and keep on hand…your info is always easy for newbies to understand :) will bookmark this so I can keep referring back…

Janet-va
Janet-va
2024 years ago

Great info!

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