Spraddle leg & Curled Toes- Causes and Treatments

I've been dipping into the ol' chicken first aid kit a little too often lately. First, Windy had bumblefoot, requiring surgery and then, this chick hatched with spraddle leg.

 

WHAT IS SPRADDLE LEG?
Spraddle leg, also known as 'splay leg,' is a deformity of the legs, characterized by feet pointing to the side, instead of forward, making walking difficult, if not impossible. It can be permanent if left uncorrected.

CAUSES
One cause of spraddle leg is slick floors that result in chicks losing their footing. The legs twist out from the hip and remain in that position unless corrected.

Other causes are:

• temperature fluxuations during incubation
• a difficult hatch that makes legs weak 
• leg or foot injury
• brooder overcrowding
• a vitamin deficiency

PREVENTION
Providing traction for tiny feet is the best way to avoid spraddle leg (in cases where it can be avoided). Chicks should not walk directly on dry newspaper. Safer options are paper towels or rubber shelf liner covering newspaper.

MY CHICK WITH SPRADDLE LEG

Valentina (hatched the day after Valentine's Day) had been abandoned while incubating under a hen. The egg was not warm when I found it. Hoping for the best, I put it in my incubator right away, knowing it was close to hatch day. The chick had a difficult time freeing itself from the shell and required assistance hatching. The leg deformity was immediately obvious. Inconsistent temperatures during incubation combined with the difficulties hatching were clearly the cause of her spraddle legs. She couldn't move from this position.

TREATMENT
The younger a chick is when treated, the better chance of preserving normal leg function. Untreated, a chick can die from inability to reach food and water without assistance. A chick can learn to push up, stand and walk correctly within less than a week, often much sooner if treated.

The legs must be restricted, braced or 'hobbled,' to provide stability and allow the chick's bones and muscles to grow and strengthen in the correct position.

Any number of materials can be used for a brace, from bandaids to rubber bands, yarn to tape. My preference is VetWrap.  It's easy to use, sticks to itself, stays securely in place, doesn't restrict circulation, won't damage the skin or leg feathers, is easy to remove and has just enough stretch to allow the chick to practice walking.
 
I wrap two little pieces of VetWrap around each leg just below the knee joint, being careful not to wrap too tightly. Since it sticks to itself, no tape is required. I find that these anchors make it easier to change the brace.

Next, I cut a long piece (approx 6-7") to bind the legs together. The legs should be positioned underneath the chick, slightly wider than a normal stance and should allow a slight amount of play in between the legs for the chick to move a little bit. The brace should be removed once daily to assess the progress and re-adjust as needed. It's important to ensure that the portion touching the legs does not restrict blood-flow. If there are indentations on the chick's legs, the brace is too tight. As the chick's legs strengthen, gradually allow for more slack between the legs until it is clear that support is no longer needed.

This wrap job is not ideal, but the photo was too funny not to share."Police! Hands up!"

 

Chicks being rehabilitated must be supervised near water as they can drown. They will require assistance drinking at first. I put stones in the water as a safety measure. (The funnel just dissuades chicks from standing in the dish, until they learn to knock it over, of course.)

PHYSICAL THERAPY

Brief physical therapy sessions help build leg muscles and balance. Support the body and let the chick push up to get their balance. As it finds its balance, gradually reduce the amount of assistance provided until it can stand independently. One minute sessions, 6-8 times throughout the first day are very important.

This is a video of Valentina at the end of the first day of treatment.

Shelf liner assists in gripping to stand

Standing is tricky at first.

Remarkably, within 4 hours, Valentina was able to stand and walk.

Here is a video update on Valentina's progress just 24 hours after the treatment.

Curled Toes
Most  causes of spraddle leg mentioned above can also cause curled toes. According to Gail Damerow in The Chicken Encyclopedia, curled toes can also be caused when newly hatched chicks have too much room in the incubator; in trying to get up and about before their frail bones are ready for the action, they can bend them. Curled toes do not result in debilitation as spraddle leg can, but they are easily corrected.

Windy, my Blue Splash Marans, hatched under
 fluxuating incubator conditions due to a power outtage.

Windy did not have her toes corrected as I was unaware of
the treatment at the time. The crooked toes do not pose a
problem for her.

Poor Windy needed bumblefoot surgery but
 at least she got a pedi out of the deal.

To straighten curled toes: Create a chick sandal by using thin cardboard (just heavier than oak tag paper) and trace around the foot (either mitten-style or glove-style as shown below). Cut wooden skewers, coffee stirrers or pipe cleaners (being careful to protect against sharp ends), to the length of the toe. With tiny strips of VetWrap, attach the skewers/pipe cleaners to the curled toes tightly enough that the splint will not move but loosely enough that circulation is not being restricted. Add the cardboard sandal to the bottom of the foot and Vetwrap it to the bottom.

The VetWrap provides traction to prevent slipping and is easier to work with than other options like tape. Generally, the younger the chick, the faster the response to treatment. The toes may remain straight after a day or two or may take up to a week or so before the bones have set in the corrrect position.

This is a brilliantly designed sandal by a Facebook fan, Jonathan Dinsdale.

 

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